Can multiple ligands bind to the same receptor?

Can multiple ligands bind to the same receptor?

Further, even presumably specific enzymes or receptors may bind ligands of different shape, size, and composition, with (sometimes) higher affinities (Tondi et al. 1999). The principles of binding are universal and apply equally well to both selective and multiple-ligand single-site binding.

What are binding kinetics?

Binding kinetics describe how fast a compound binds to its target and how fast it dissociates from it. So, it measures two things – the on-rate and the off-rate. This technology allowed measurement of the binding kinetics in a much better and faster way.

What is kinetics of protein binding?

Kinetics of drug–protein binding includes the following topics: the time of reaching binding equilibrium and on- and off-rate binding constants, the average bound time and time between each binding, consid- eration of possible cases when kinetics of protein binding needs to be applied for the interpretation of …

Can a protein have more than one binding site?

Many ligand-binding proteins possess multiple binding sites for the same ligand, having binding stoichiometries higher than 1:1. A protein possessing multiple ligand-binding sites may be made up of non-identical subunits, or the binding sites may be non-equivalent if they reside on the same polypeptide chain.

How do ligands bind to proteins?

A ligand is a small molecule that is able to bind to proteins by weak interactions such as ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals interactions, and hydrophobic effects. In some cases, a ligand also serves as a signal triggering molecule. A ligand can be a substrate inhibitor, activator or a neurotransmitter.

How do ligands interact with receptors?

The ligand crosses the plasma membrane and binds to the receptor in the cytoplasm. The receptor then moves to the nucleus, where it binds DNA to regulate transcription. Many signaling pathways, involving both intracellular and cell surface receptors, cause changes in the transcription of genes.

What is Kd and Ka?

Kd is called an equilibrium dissociation constant. The equilibrium concentrations of reactants and products could also be characterized by an equilibrium association constant (Ka) which is simply the reciprocal of Kd.

Why are binding kinetics important?

Binding kinetics are important because the time to reach equilibrium is dependent on the dissociation time. By definition, a binding interaction is at equilibrium when the opposing rates are equal. In this context, this is when association (kon) = dissociation (koff).

How does equilibrium dialysis work?

How Does Equilibrium Dialysis Work? If the ligand and protein do not bind to each other the ligand is free to cross the membrane. At equilibrium, the concentration of the ligand in the assay chamber will be exactly half that initially placed in the sample chamber.

What is secondary binding site?

A surface (or secondary) binding site (SBS) is a ligand binding site observed on the catalytic module of an enzyme, but outside of the active site itself (see Figure 1).

What are two binding sites found on the protein?

Surfaces Binding sites can be concave, convex, or flat. For small ligands – clefts, pockets, or cavities. Catalytic sites are often at domain and subunit interfaces. Catalytic sites often occur at domain and subunit interfaces.

How to calculate the kinetics of a ligand?

1 Competition kinetics: Quantifying kinetics by competition against a tracer ligand. Often it isn’t feasible to measure ligand binding directly. 2 Compound washout method. 3 Complex binding mechanisms. 4 Binding kinetics from functional assays. 5 Appendix.

What happens when a ligand binds to a target?

Biological and therapeutic agents exert their actions by interacting with specific molecular targets. This process of ligand binding takes time, for the ligand to associate with the target, forming the target-ligand complex, and for the complex to break down.

What is the temporal dimension of binding kinetics?

This temporal dimension is referred to as binding kinetics or binding dynamics (1,2). The time it takes for a ligand to associate with the target is governed by the association rate, which is the rate of ligand recognition by the target.

How is kinetic binding used in drug discovery?

The concepts are introduced using simple, direct target-ligand binding assays. Recently, indirect competition binding methods have become popular for evaluating binding kinetics of the large numbers of compounds encountered in drug discovery.